About the Health Information

Congenital heart disease (CHD) refers to structural problems of the heart present at birth. These occur when the cardiovascular system or major blood vessels do not form correctly during fetal development.

CHD is among the most common congenital disabilities globally, affecting about 1 in every 100 newborns. Some cases are mild and require little intervention, while others involve complex defects needing surgery soon after birth. Managing CHD usually requires a team of pediatric cardiologists, surgeons, and specialized consultants for the best outcomes.

Septal Defects

“Holes in the heart” affect the atrial or ventricular walls.

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

A blood vessel that should close after birth remains open, affecting circulation.

Tetralogy of Fallot

A combination of four structural abnormalities that disrupt blood flow.

Transposition of the Great Arteries

The two main arteries leaving the heart are switched, leading to circulation issues.

Coarctation of the Aorta

Narrowing of the aorta, the major artery carrying blood to the body.

In infants and children:

• Rapid breathing or difficulty feeding
• Bluish skin, lips, or nails (cyanosis)
• Poor growth or weight gain
• Excessive tiredness or sweating during feeding

In older children and adults:

• Shortness of breath during physical activity
• Heart murmurs
• Swelling in the legs, abdomen, or around the eyes
• Irregular heartbeat or fainting spells

Although the exact causes of CHD are often unknown, several risk factors play a role:

• Genetic conditions (e.g., Down syndrome)
• Maternal health issues, such as diabetes or infections during pregnancy
• Lifestyle factors like smoking, alcohol, or certain medications during pregnancy
• Family history of congenital heart disease

CHD can sometimes be detected before birth with fetal echocardiography. After birth, diagnosis may involve:

• Physical exam: Detecting murmurs or abnormal rhythms
• Echocardiogram (Echo): Ultrasound of the heart
• Electrocardiogram (ECG): Checking electrical activity
• Chest X-ray: Evaluating heart and lung size
• Cardiac catheterization or MRI: Advanced imaging for complex cases

Non-Surgical Management

• Medications to improve heart function, prevent clots, or control rhythm
• Routine monitoring with a specialist cardiologist

Surgical & Interventional Treatments

• Cardiac catheterization: Minimally invasive repair of defects
• Open-heart surgery: For complex structural problems
• Heart transplant: Rare, but considered in severe cases

Thanks to modern treatments, most CHD patients live full, active lives. Long-term management includes:

• Lifelong follow-up with a cardiologist
• A heart-healthy diet and exercise plan tailored by specialists
• Avoiding smoking and limiting alcohol
• Mental and emotional health support for patients and families

This article has been reviewed for medical accuracy by:

Dr. Rajesh Kumar R

Consultant, Institute of Heart and Lung Transplant & Mechanical Circulatory Support

Dr. Rajesh Kumar R specializes in managing complex cardiac conditions, including congenital heart disease. With extensive expertise in advanced heart and lung treatments, he provides comprehensive care and ensures evidence-based guidance for patients and families.

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is one of the most common birth conditions, but with early diagnosis, expert care, and advanced treatments, children and adults can live long, healthy lives. Consulting experienced specialists ensures patients receive the right treatment and lifelong care.